Starting from the central bank's latest payment system report, this article clarifies the hierarchy between accounts, tools, channels, and clearing systems, dissecting the roles of HVPS, BEPS, IBPS, UnionPay, NUCC, and CIPS.
An in-depth analysis of the ECB digital euro project, examining the drivers of public money digitalization, two-tier distribution, offline chip security, holding limit water-tank models, and implementation milestones.
Starting from the difference between 1,000 yuan in an Alipay balance and 1,000 yuan in a bank deposit, this article explains customer reserve funds, central-bank reserves, centralized custody, and the information and fund flows behind top-ups, payments, and withdrawals.
Starting with two-way payments between Bank A and Bank B, this article explains how RTGS and DNS balance settlement finality, intraday liquidity, and risk control, and compares hybrid designs across major payment systems.
This article explains the classification, issuance mechanisms, and global policy divergence of CBDC from the perspectives of issuers, liability relationships, and settlement assets, and analyzes its impact on banks and financial infrastructure.
Use a 100-yuan transfer to break down the payment instruction , client-account posting , and interbank final settlement , and understand the layered mechanics behind same-bank and cross-bank payments.
This article, grounded in the PFMI and China's regulatory framework, uses cross-bank transfers and securities settlement as examples to systematically explain the functions, risk control, global arrangements, and digital evolution of financial infrastructure.