Using MAS’s latest address as a guide, this article examines Singapore’s digital finance roadmap across asset tokenisation, repo settlement, the division of digital settlement money, GL1 standards, and SAFR agentic governance.
Explores the core distinction between account-based and token-based money across value representation, verification logic, and ledger architecture, analyzing hybrid CBDC ledgers, source-of-truth determination, and wholesale vs retail engineering trade-offs.
An in-depth analysis of the Bank of Korea's Project Hangang, examining its two-tier architecture of wholesale CBDC and tokenised deposits, interbank burn-and-issue settlement, Phase 1 empirical findings, and Phase 2 regulatory sandbox expansion.
A systematic review of Project e-HKD pilot outcomes, exploring Hong Kong's strategic pivot from retail payments to wholesale tokenised asset settlement.
Starting from bank balance sheets and interbank settlement, this article explains how tokenized deposits connect commercial bank money, central bank reserves, and tokenized assets.
This article explains the classification, issuance mechanisms, and global policy divergence of CBDC from the perspectives of issuers, liability relationships, and settlement assets, and analyzes its impact on banks and financial infrastructure.
This article introduces the meaning and operating mechanisms of stablecoins, as well as their differences from bank deposits, e-money, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and crypto-assets.