Starting from the three identities of reserves, this article reviews China's reserve system, the money multiplier, and PFMI Principle 9, explaining why central bank reserves are the underlying asset for bank liquidity and payment settlement.
This article explains the classification, issuance mechanisms, and global policy divergence of CBDC from the perspectives of issuers, liability relationships, and settlement assets, and analyzes its impact on banks and financial infrastructure.
This article breaks down central bank assets and liabilities item by item, explaining how base money, bank reserves, fiscal receipts and payments, foreign exchange reserves, and final settlement are formed and transformed in the central bank balance sheet.